Soft FEC with parity check

ABSTRACT

A data transmission device includes a de-interleaver configured to receive, from a host device at a first data rate, a data stream including encoded data, de-interleave the data stream into a plurality of forward error correction (FEC) data streams, and output the plurality of FEC data streams at a second data rate less than the first data rate. Each of a plurality of interleavers is configured to interleave a respective one of the plurality of FEC data streams into an intermediate data stream including first data blocks and second data blocks. An encoder module configured to generate, for each of the intermediate data streams, FEC blocks including a first parity section and a first data section, the first parity section including a first parity bit corresponding to the first data blocks and a second parity bit corresponding to the second data blocks, and the first data section including the first data blocks and the second data blocks, and output the FEC blocks at the second data rate.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present disclosure is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 16/824,261, filed on Mar. 19, 2020, which is a continuation-in-partclaiming priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/403,408, filedon May 3, 2019 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,749,629, issued on Aug. 18, 2020),which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/691,023 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,326,550, issued on Jun. 18,2019), filed on Aug. 30, 2017, which are incorporated by referenceherein for all purposes.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to data communication systems andtechniques thereof.

Over the last few decades, the use of communication networks hasexploded. In the early days of the Internet, popular applications werelimited to emails, bulletin board, and mostly informational andtext-based web page surfing, and the amount of data transferred wasrelatively small. Today, the Internet and mobile applications demand ahuge amount of bandwidth for transferring photo, video, music, and othermultimedia files. For example, a social network like Facebook processesmore than 500 TB of data daily. With such high demands on data storageand data transfer, existing data communication systems need to beimproved to address these needs.

There are both existing and proposed standards and protocols for datacommunication. One of the proposed data communication protocol is802.3bs, which is intended for high speed data transfer. Improvingaspects of high-speed communication techniques (e.g., 802.3bs protocoland 802.3cd) is desired.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to data communication systems andtechniques thereof. More specifically, embodiments of the presentinvention provide an FEC encoder that processes an interleaved datastream and generates parity symbols that are embedded into FEC blocks.An FEC decoder determines whether to perform error correction based onthe parity symbols. When performing error correction, the decoderselects a worst symbol from a segment of symbols, and the worst symbolis corrected. There are other embodiments as well.

According to an embodiment, the present invention provides a datatransmission device, which includes an interface for receiving a datastream. The device also includes an alignment marker framer configuredto frame the data stream. The device further includes a delay lineconfigured to delay a predetermined number of bits of data stream toprovide an even data block. The device additionally includes amultiplexer configured to output the even data block and an odd datablock. The device includes an encoder configured to generate a pluralityof forward error correction (FEC) blocks. Each of the FEC blocks has anodd section and an even section and a parity section. The FEC blocksincludes a first FEC block, which has an even parity bit correspondingto the even data block and an odd parity bit corresponding to the odddata block. The device additionally includes a transmission module fortransmitting the FEC blocks.

According to yet another embodiment, the present invention provides adecoding device, which includes a communication interface for receivinga data stream comprising a plurality of PAM symbols. The device alsoincludes a mapping module for generating an FEC block based theplurality of PAM symbols. The FEC block has a parity symbol and aplurality of odd symbols and a plurality of even symbols. The devicefurther includes a decoding module configured to perform parity checkusing the parity symbol and the odd symbols. The decoding module isconfigured to generate even blocks and odd blocks. The device alsoincludes an alignment marker framer configured to distinguish betweeneven blocks and odd blocks. The device further includes a delay line fordelaying the odd blocks by a predetermined number of bits. The devicealso includes a de-interleaver for providing a data stream by aligningthe even blocks and odd blocks.

It is to be appreciated that embodiments of the present inventionprovide many advantages over conventional techniques. Among otherthings, encoder and decoder modules according to embodiments of thepresent invention can be easily adopted into existing systems. Forexample, in a PAM4 based high-speed data communication system (e.g.,802.3bs and 802.3cd), encoder and decoder modules are implemented asouter modules that add onto existing communication chips with RSencoding scheme. The addition of parity symbol FEC according toembodiments of the present invention adds little transmission overhead(1/21), and low-power implementation can be achieved. As explainedabove, FEC techniques according to the present invention can readilyprovide over 1.5 dB of coding gain. With interleaving mechanism,parity-symbol FEC can be used in different data transmission modes,including but not limited to 50 G and 100 G modes.

Embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in conjunctionwith existing systems and processes. For example, parity symbol-basederror check and correction can be easily adapted into existingcommunication system. Encoding and decoding modules according toembodiments of the present invention can be readily manufactured usingexisting manufacturing processes and systems. There are other benefitsas well.

The present invention achieves these benefits and others in the contextof known technology. However, a further understanding of the nature andadvantages of the present invention may be realized by reference to thelatter portions of the specification and attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following diagrams are merely examples, which should not undulylimit the scope of the claims herein. One of ordinary skill in the artwould recognize many other variations, modifications, and alternatives.It is also understood that the examples and embodiments described hereinare for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications orchanges in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the artand are to be included within the spirit and purview of this process andscope of the appended claims.

FIG. 1A is a simplified block diagram illustrating a data transmissiondevice according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 1B is a simplified diagram illustrating a data transmission device100 according embodiments of present invention.

FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram illustrating data encoding according toembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram illustrating a receiver device accordingto an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating benefits of using LLR values in errorcorrections.

FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating relationship between RS symbol error rateversus PAM4 Optical Signal-To-Noise Ratio (OSNR).

FIG. 6 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating an exemplary decodererror correction technique according to embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7 is simplified eye level diagram according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the coding gain obtained by using theparity symbols according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a data transmissionsystem 900 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a simplified diagram illustrating data interleaving accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

In FIG. 11 is a simplified diagram illustrating a de-interleavingprocess according embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to data communication systems andtechniques thereof. More specifically, embodiments of the presentinvention provide an FEC encoder that processes an interleaved datastream and generates parity symbols that are embedded into FEC blocks.An FEC decoder determines whether to perform error correction based onthe parity symbols. When performing error correction, the decoderselects a worst symbol from a segment of symbols, and the worst symbolis corrected. There are other embodiments as well.

As explained above, it is desirable to improve data rate and accuracy indata communication systems. For example, in high-speed datacommunication systems, Reed-Solomon (RS) encoding is often used. Invarious embodiments, the present invention take advantage of existingencoding scheme sand uses parity symbol to improve accuracy andperformance of data transmission.

The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skillin the art to make and use the invention and to incorporate it in thecontext of particular applications. Various modifications, as well as avariety of uses in different applications will be readily apparent tothose skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein maybe applied to a wide range of embodiments. Thus, the present inventionis not intended to be limited to the embodiments presented, but is to beaccorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novelfeatures disclosed herein.

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the presentinvention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art thatthe present invention may be practiced without necessarily being limitedto these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures anddevices are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in orderto avoid obscuring the present invention.

The reader's attention is directed to all papers and documents which arefiled concurrently with this specification and which are open to publicinspection with this specification, and the contents of all such papersand documents are incorporated herein by reference. All the featuresdisclosed in this specification, (including any accompanying claims,abstract, and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features servingthe same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly statedotherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each featuredisclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent orsimilar features.

Furthermore, any element in a claim that does not explicitly state“means for” performing a specified function, or “step for” performing aspecific function, is not to be interpreted as a “means” or “step”clause as specified in 35 U.S.C. Section 112, Paragraph 6. Inparticular, the use of “step of” or “act of” in the Claims herein is notintended to invoke the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112, Paragraph 6.

Please note, if used, the labels left, right, front, back, top, bottom,forward, reverse, clockwise and counter clockwise have been used forconvenience purposes only and are not intended to imply any particularfixed direction. Instead, they are used to reflect relative locationsand/or directions between various portions of an object.

FIG. 1A is a simplified block diagram illustrating a data transmissiondevice according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagramis merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of theclaims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize manyvariations, alternatives, and modifications. As shown in FIG. 1A, at thetop level, an ASIC section encodes signals for transmission. Forexample, RS encoding is performed. The framing and distribution sectionencode signals that are framed into data blocks and distributes the datablocks to different communication channels. The parity check andencoding section performs parity check and inserts parity bits into datablocks.

FIG. 1B is a simplified diagram illustrating a data transmission device100 according embodiments of present invention. This diagram is merelyan example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. Oneof ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations,alternatives, and modifications. In various embodiments, the datatransmission device is configured in compliance with 802.3bs standard,but it is understood that other communication standards and protocolsmay be used as well. For example, the data transmission device 100 canbe configured for transmitting data at a rate of 400 Gbps or higher.Data at a high transmission rate are received and processed by receivinginterface 101. For example, data may be received via copper wires and/oroptical communication channels. The received data are encoded by encoder102 and encoder 103. According to various embodiments, encoder 102comprises Reed-Solomon (RS) encoder that encodes and generates a firstdata stream. For example, the first data stream is divided into 10-bitsblocks, which may be specified by a predetermined encoding scheme. Forexample, the RS encoder uses RS (544, 514) encoding scheme. Similarly,encoder 103 is (similar to encoder 102) implemented with an RS encoderto generate a second data stream with 10-bits blocks. The first datastream and the second data stream, respectively generated by encoder 102and encoder 103, are distributed into eight communication lanes bymultiplexer 104. For example, each of the eight communication lanestransmits data blocks from both the first data stream and the seconddata stream. In various embodiments, the eight communication lanes arephysical coding sublayer (PCS) lanes, and each of the eightcommunication lanes transmits data from both the first data stream andthe second data stream. For example, data blocks from the first datastream and the second data stream can be interleaved according to apredetermined pattern. Multiplexer 105 distributes data streams from theeight communication lanes into four communication lanes. For example,the four communication lanes can be CDAUI lanes. It is to be appreciatedthat according to embodiments of the present invention, interface 101,encoder 102, encoder 103, multiplexer 104, and multiplexer 105 areconfigured as components of a host chip. For example, encoder module 110is implemented as a separate chip that is coupled to the host chip.Encoder module 110 provides forward error correction (FEC) that reducesbit-error rate (BER) and improves performance.

As shown in FIG. 1B, encoder module 110 includes four encoder lanes,which correspond to the four communication lanes from multiplexer 105.For example, the four encoder lanes perform encoding in parallel, andthe encoder module 110 is substantially insensitive to PCS lane skews.Data streams on each of four communication lanes include data blocksencoded by both encoder 102 and encoder 103. As described above, each ofthe data blocks includes 10 bits. At encoder module 110, each of theencoder lanes includes a splitter module, a pair of amplitude modulation(AM) lock modules, an encoder module, and a Gray mapping module. Morespecifically, an encoder lane of the encoder module 110 first splits theincoming data streams into even and odd bits. As an example, splittermodule 111 splits a data stream from multiplexer 105 into even and oddbits. Even bits are then processed by even AM (“AM E” in FIG. 1B) lockmodule 112A, and odd bits are processed by odd AM (“AM O”) lock module112B. The AM lock modules 112A and 112B are configured to determine andlock boundary for RS symbols by using amplitude modulation techniques.For example, AM lock module 112A generates a stream of even data blocks,and AM lock module 112B generates a stream of odd data blocks. Encoder113 encodes even data blocks and odd data blocks into forward-errorcorrection (FEC) blocks. In various embodiments, each of the FEC blocksincludes an even section, an odd section, and a parity section. The evensection includes ten even data blocks (e.g., PAM4 symbols). The oddsection includes ten odd data sections. The parity section includes aneven parity bit corresponding to the even section and an odd parity bitcorresponding to the odd section. For example, the parity section islater mapped into a PAM4 parity symbol. The Gray mapping module 114 mapsFEC blocks into an output data stream for transmission. For example, theoutput data stream can be transmitted through various types ofcommunication links at high speed.

FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram illustrating data encoding according toembodiments of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example,which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinaryskill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, andmodifications. For example, FIG. 2 can be used to illustrate operationof data transmission device 100. As shown in FIG. 2 , two encoders (Enc0and Enc1) generate two data streams 204 and 205 as shown, and each ofthe data streams includes 10-bit data blocks. For example, shaded bitsare generated by Enc0 and non-shaded bits are generated by Enc1. The twodata streams 204 and 205 are then distributed to eight communicationlanes (e.g., 8 PCS lanes) as eight data streams. It is to be appreciatedthat the encoded data can be distributed and multiplexed in other ways,and FIG. 2 merely provides a specific example. For example, data stream201 includes alternating 10-bit data blocks from both data streams 204and 205; data stream 202 also includes alternating 10-bit data blocksfrom both data streams 204 and 205. The eight data streams from theeight PCS lanes are then distributed by the 8:4 multiplexer as shown. Anexemplary arrangement of data blocks is shown. Data stream 203 combines(or interleave) data blocks from data streams 201 and 202. Morespecifically, data stream 203 includes interleaved blocks of data blocksfrom data stream 201 and 202.

As described above, the four data streams are then encoded by theencoding module. For example, data stream 203 (one of the four datastreams) is split into an even data stream 206 and an odd data stream207. In various implementations, data stream 206 includes segments ofeven data bit symbols (e.g., 10 data symbols a₀ to a₁₉); data stream 207includes segments of odd data bit symbols (e.g., 10 data symbols b₀ tob₁₉). The data symbols are provided by amplitude modulation lockingmodules, where the symbols are locked based on RS symbol boundary. Datastreams 206 and 207 are then encoded and combined. For example, FECencoding is performed on data streams 206 and 207. The resulting datastream 208 includes FEC blocks. In various implementations, FEC datablocks each includes 21 symbols: 10 even symbols, 10 odd symbols, and aparity symbol. For example, the even symbols (e.g., symbol a₁a₀) arepositioned in a continuous segment, and the odd symbols (e.g., symbolb₁b₀) are positioned in a continuous segment adjacent to the evensegment. The parity symbol includes two parity bits: p_(a) correspondingto even segment 206, and p_(b) corresponding to the odd segment 207. TheFEC blocks are then mapped using Gray mapping for transmission. Forexample, the FEC blocks are transmitted using PAM protocol. For example,PAM4 may be used for data transmission. For data transmission, theparity symbol can provide a coding gain of about 1.65 dB.

It is to be appreciated that the use of parity symbols as a part of theencoding module can be implemented to compliment 802.3bs datacommunication systems. For example, on the communication lane, 21 PAM4symbols meet two even parity constraints. The addition of parity symbolsincreases the data rate of the communication line. For example, the datarate increase from 26.5625e9 to 26.5625e9*21/20=27.890625 GHz. And inimplementation, four 52 Gb/s Rx/DSP cores operate in parallel.

Embodiments of the present invention provide decoding devices andtechniques to take advantage of encoding techniques described above. Forexample, a decoder module determines the existence of error at a givenFEC block using the parity symbol. A maximum likelihood decoder is thenused to locate the error symbol within the FEC block, and the errorsymbol is corrected using a “flip” function, which is described infurther detail below.

An FEC block (e.g., FEC block 208) in FIG. 2 , which is encoded with aparity symbol, includes 21 symbols. For example, after performing Graymapping, PAM4 symbols transmitted over a communication includes one (21,20) FEC block as [d₀, d₁, . . . , d₂₀], where d₂₀ is the parity symbolresulting from the Gray mapping of the 2 parity bits. For example, d₀-d₉correspond to even blocks in FIG. 2 , d₁₀-d₁₉ correspond to odd blocks,and d₂₀ corresponds to the parity block. By definition d₀ is the firsttransmitted symbol and d₂₀ is the last one. The two even parityconstraints can be expressed, after Gray mapping, in terms of PAM4symbols d_(i), using Equation 1 below:

$\begin{matrix}\frac{\oplus_{i}^{9}{= {{0^{d_{i}}\lbrack O\rbrack} = {{d_{20}\lbrack O\rbrack} \oplus {{d_{20}\lbrack 1\rbrack}\mspace{14mu}\left( {{par}\; 1} \right)}}}}}{\oplus_{i}^{19}{= {{1{0^{d_{i}}\lbrack O\rbrack}} = {{pol} \oplus {{d_{20}\lbrack 1\rbrack}\mspace{20mu}\left( {{par}\; 2} \right)}}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1}\end{matrix}$

In Equation 1, the symbol ⊕ (xor) denotes additions and pol is apolarity inversion flag based on the polarity inversion. For example,polarity inversion detection is used as a part of the FEC wordsynchronization.

FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram illustrating a receiver device accordingto an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely anexample, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One ofordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives,and modifications. For example, receiver device 300 processes signalsreceived from data transmission device 100 illustrated in FIG. 1B. Morespecifically, receiver device 300 uses parity symbols for errorcorrection.

Incoming data are received through receiving interface 301. Equalizer302 processes (e.g., equalization) the incoming data for furtherprocessing. Gray mapping is performed by the Gray mapping module 303,which yields PAM4 symbols. The PAM4 symbols are grouped into FEC blocks.As explained above, a single FEC block includes 21 symbols: 10 oddsymbols, 10 even symbols, and a parity symbol. For example, based on thefinal equalizer output x_(i), the FEC decoder 304 first achieves FECblock synchronization. Usually, the synchronization process is notoverly complex. For example, after equalization and synchronization, FECblocks processed by FEC decoder 304 are provided as [x₀, x₁, . . . ,x₂₀]. The FEC decoder 304 receives 21 PAM4 preliminary decisions, d_(i),from the PAM4 slicer 305, where each d_(i) symbol is 2-bit binary. FECdecoder 304 further receives three optimal threshold values for each onethe 3 sub-eyes (of the four PAM4 eye levels) from DSP 306.

For the purpose of illustration, threshold for the eye levels aredenoted as Th(eye id), where eye id=0,1,2. In an exemplaryimplementation, Th(0) and Th(2) are 9.6 and Th(1) is 7.6. For each ofthe 21 symbols in an FEC block, there are corresponding 21 2-bit 2 beye_idε{0, 1, 2}, and each is denoted as E_(i). For example, E_(i)indicates the sub-eye at which belongs sample x_(i). For example, byhaving sign of the error signal for all bauds (e.g., generated by DSP306), E_(i) can be easily determined. In various embodiments, a singlebit polarity inversion pol is used.

As explained above, FEC decoder 304 uses the parity symbol to determinewhether error correction is to be performed. And if error correction isto be performed based on the parity symbol, the symbol with the highestlikelihood to be erroneous is “flipped”. To locate the erroneous bit,log likelihood ratio (LLR) calculation is performed for each data symbolx_(i) of the given FEC block. The data symbol corresponding the lowestLLR value within a data segment is selected as the “worst” symbol andmost likely to be erroneous. The PAM4 levels after equalization aredenoted as L(d) and the noise variance per level is denoted as σ²(d).Knowing the coding of FEC is much smaller than 6 dB, the decoder isconfigured to only flip PAM4 symbols within the same sub-eye. Givenx_(i) and d_(i) and if we denote d′_(i) for the other PAM4 symbol fromthe same sub-eye E_(i), the value of log-likelihood ratio (LLR) beexpressed by Equation 2 below:

$\begin{matrix}{\left. {{LL{R\left( x_{i} \right)}} = {{\left\lbrack \left( {\frac{1}{\sigma\left( d_{i} \right)} + \frac{1}{\sigma\left( d_{i}^{\prime} \right)}} \right) \right\rbrack x_{i}} - \frac{L\left( d_{i}^{\prime} \right)}{\sigma\left( d_{i}^{\prime} \right)} - \frac{L\left( d_{i} \right)}{\sigma\left( d_{i} \right)}}} \right\rbrack \times \left. \quad{{\left\lbrack \left( {\frac{1}{\sigma\left( d_{i} \right)} + \frac{1}{\sigma\left( d_{i}^{\prime} \right)}} \right) \right\rbrack x_{i}} - \frac{L\left( d_{i}^{\prime} \right)}{\sigma\left( d_{i}^{\prime} \right)} - \frac{L\left( d_{i} \right)}{\sigma\left( d_{i} \right)}} \right\rbrack} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 22}\end{matrix}$

For example Equation 2 can be simplified to Equation 3 below:

$\begin{matrix}{{{{LLR}\left( x_{i} \right)} = {{K\left( E_{i} \right)} \times \left( {x_{i} - {{Th}\left( E_{i} \right)}} \right)}}{{where},{{K\left( E_{i} \right)} = {\left( {\frac{1}{\sigma\left( d_{i} \right)} + \frac{1}{\sigma\left( d_{i}^{\prime} \right)}} \right) \times \left\lbrack {\frac{L\left( d_{i}^{\prime} \right)}{\sigma\left( d_{i}^{\prime} \right)} - \frac{L\left( d_{i} \right)}{\sigma\left( d_{i} \right)}} \right\rbrack}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 3}\end{matrix}$

The term K(Ei) in Equation 3 intuitively conveys the sub-eye SNRinformation. The closer x_(i) is from the corresponding threshold, thelower LLR gets. FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating benefits of using LLRvalues in error corrections. More specifically, FIG. 4 illustrates RS10-bit word error rate versus slicer SNR (or PAM4). As can be seen inFIG. 4 , the FEC limit shown as dash line 401. The error rate associatedwith decoding with optimal LLR is illustrated by curve 403. The errorrate associated with decoding with simplified 4-bit LLR is illustratedby curve 404. As graph in FIG. 4 clearly demonstrates, the error ratesassociated with decoding that uses LLR (optimal or simplified 4-bit) aremuch lower than error rate associated with uncoded RS (curve 402).

FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating relationship between RS symbol error rateversus PAM4 Optical Signal-To-Noise Ratio (OSNR). The FEC limit shown asdash line 501. The error rate associated with decoding with optimal LLRis illustrated by curve 503. The error rate associated with decodingwith simplified 4-bit LLR is illustrated by curve 504. The benefit ofusing LLR values is clear in the context of optical communication: theerror rates associated with decoding that uses LLR (optimal orsimplified 4-bit) are much lower than error rate associated with uncodedRS (curve 502).

Concerning the range of SNR (e.g., FIG. 4 ) and OSNR (e.g., FIG. 5 ) ofinterest, one could ignore the eye-dependent term K(E_(i)) and truncatethe LLR to a relatively low resolution. Also, because the decodingscheme only requires the absolute value of LLR, the termabs(x_(i)−Th(E_(i))) can be truncated to low resolution and possiblysaturated. The terms (x₁−Th(E_(i))) are already computed as part of theslicer logic.

FIG. 6 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating an exemplary decodererror correction technique according to embodiments of the presentinvention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not undulylimit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art wouldrecognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. For example,one or more steps may be added, removed, repeated, rearranged, modified,replaced, and/or overlapped, which should limit the claims.

Step 601. Upon receiving an FEC block with 21 symbols, the decoder firstcheck the parity symbol to determine whether there are one or moreparity errors. In various embodiments, a parity symbol includes an evenparity bit for 10 even symbols and an odd parity bit for 10 odd paritysymbols. For example, the 10 even symbols are first ten symbols of theFEC block, and the 10 odd symbols are the second ten symbols of the FECblock. For example, Equation 1 is used to perform parity check.

$\begin{matrix}\frac{\oplus_{i}^{9}{= {{0^{d_{i}}\lbrack O\rbrack} = {{d_{20}\lbrack O\rbrack} \oplus {{d_{20}\lbrack 1\rbrack}\mspace{14mu}\left( {{par}\; 1} \right)}}}}}{\oplus_{i}^{19}{= {{1{0^{d_{i}}\lbrack O\rbrack}} = {{pol} \oplus {{d_{20}\lbrack 1\rbrack}\mspace{20mu}\left( {{par}\; 2} \right)}}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1}\end{matrix}$

For example, if the parity of the given FEC block is incorrect, theparity inversion flag polis set.

Step 602. Based on the parity check performed at step 601, the decoderdetermines whether to perform error correction. For example, if theparity symbol checks out, the decoder simply output the 20 symbolswithout error correction, and the decoding process proceeds to step 606.On the other hand, if the parity symbol does not check out (e.g., basedon Equation 1), error correction is needed, and the process proceeds tostep 603.

Step 603. Once it is determined that error correction is to beperformed, the decoder needs to locate the erroneous symbol and performerror correction on the erroneous symbol. As explained above,likelihoods of error for the data symbols is selected based theirrespective LLR values. In various embodiments, a first minimum LLR isdetermined for the first segment (i.e., first group of ten symbols) ofthe FEC block and a second minimum LLR is determined for second segment(i.e., second group of ten symbols) of the FEC block.

At step 604, symbols that are most likely to be erroneous (“worst”symbols) are selected. For example, the “worst” symbol(s) are thesymbols associated with the lowest LLR values, and respectively there isa worst symbol for the first segment and another worst symbol for thesecond segment. The selection of “worst” symbols using LLR values isexplained above. It is to be appreciated that the “worst” symbols can beselected using other techniques and/or algorithms as well. While thereare worst symbols for both the first segment and the second segment ofsymbols (the term “worst” describes the relative likelihood of beingerroneous within a segment), actual error correction or “flip” of worstsymbol(s) is performed only if the corresponding parity bits is “off”for the corresponding segment of symbols. Correcting of “flipping” ofthe worst symbol is performed at step 605.

Step 605. At step 605, the worst symbol is changed to its next nearestvalue. For example, the “flipping” of symbol values can be illustratedand explained in FIG. 7 . FIG. 7 is simplified eye level diagramaccording to embodiments of the present invention. This diagram ismerely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of theclaims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize manyvariations, alternatives, and modifications. Four levels (+3, +1, −1,and −3) are provided for PAM4 communication. Each of the incoming datasymbols, once decoded, is assigned to one of the four levels. In idealcases, a data symbol would be very close to one of the four levels andthus easily assigned. For example, symbol “x” is close to level “+1” andis assigned to “+1”. Similarly, symbol “y” is close to level “−1” and isassigned to “−1”. For a symbol that is close to the middle positions(e.g., three dashed lines between the four levels), the likelihood ofsymbol error is high. For example, symbol “z” is very close to themiddle dash line between level “+1” and level “−1”. Assume symbol “z” isprocessed and decoded correctly, it would be assigned to “+1”. However,if the parity bit indicates that there is a wrong symbol, symbol “z” ismuch more likely to be erroneous than symbols “x” and “y”, and thusshould be “flipped” to the next nearest level, which is “−1”. In suchway, the symbols that are closest to the dashed line are the worstsymbols. Similarly, for an erroneous symbol positioned between “+1” and“+3”, flipping the symbols means changing the symbol value from “+1” to“+3” or the other way around; for an erroneous symbol positioned betweenlevels “−1” and “−3”, flipping the symbols means changing the symbolvalue from “−1” to “−3” or the other way around.

Now referring back to FIG. 6 . Depending on the parity check results,one or more “worst” symbols are corrected by flipping to the secondnearest PAM level. Once symbol correction is performed, the decoderproceeds to step 606 to output data symbols.

Depending on the implementation, the corrected data symbols are thenprocessed in reverse to the data flow process illustrated in FIG. 2 .For example, data symbols are recombined into data streams and RSdecoding is later performed.

The decoding/correction processed illustrated in FIG. 7 can beimplemented using the pseudo code below:

-   1. Check the parity equations based on the preliminary decisions.    Equation 1 is used to determine par1 and par2.-   2. If parities are met, output (d_(i))_(0≤i≤19). If not go to step    3.-   3. Calculate the minimum value and index of ALLR i for i=0 . . . 9.    Call it v₀-   (ALLR value) and i₀ (index). Do same for ALLR i for i=10 . . . 19,    call the results v_(i) and i₁.-   4. If par1 is false:-   if E₂₀==0 or E₂₀==2, (v₀<ALLR₂₀)?flip(di₀,Ei₀).-   if E₂₀==1, flip(di₀,Ei₀).-   5. if par2 is false:-   if E₂₀==0 or E₂₀==2, flip(di₁,Ei₁).-   if E₂₀==1, (v₁<ALLR₂₀)?flip(di₁,Ei₁).

As an example, the flip(d,E) function above is illustrated in FIG. 7 ,which is to output the other PAM4 symbol of the eye E and can beimplemented using the following pseudo code:

-   out[0]=not d[0]-   out[1]=xor(d[1],E[0])

It is to be appreciated that the use of parity symbols and correcting“worst” symbols can effectively improve data transmission. FIG. 8 is agraph illustrating the coding gain obtained by using the parity symbolsaccording to embodiments of the present invention. Curve 802 illustratesbit-error-rate (BER) of data transmission when parity symbols are used,and curve 801 illustrates BER when parity symbols are not used. At thesame PAM SNR levels, the use of parity symbols can effectively reduceBER and thus improve performance. For example, the use of parity symbolsprovides a coding gain of 1.65 dB coding gain, or PAM4 SER=3.4E−3.Taking the overhead of adding parity symbol, the net coding gain isabout 1.45 dB, which is calculated from 1.65−10log10*(21/20). It is alsoto be appreciated the both encoder and decoder that use the paritysymbol can be implemented using power efficient chips.

In 200 G and 400 G Ethernet applications, uncorrectable parity checkblocks are distributed to two independent encoders for processing. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 1B, received data are processed by encoder 102and encoder 103 (see also Enc0 and Enc1 in FIG. 2 ). However, for 50 Gand 100 G data transmission modes, only one FEC encoder (e.g., RS FEC orKP FEC) is allocated for each physical lane. Referring back to the FIGS.1B and 2 (and descriptions thereof), each uncorrectable parity checkblock is distributed to two independent FEC (e.g., RS or KP FEC) encoderblocks (per standard) and hence the overall coding gain is the sum ofparity check gain and FEC coding gain. In various embodiments, incomingdata for a data lane are interleaved into independent FEC blocks, whichallows for the single FEC block to process the parity check informationdescribed above.

FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a data transmissionsystem 900 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Thisdiagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope ofthe claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize manyvariations, alternatives, and modifications. It is to be understood thatdepending on the implementation, a communication device may include somefunctional blocks of the data transmission system 900. For example, atransceiver device, as implemented according to embodiments of thepresent invention, includes both a receiving side and a transmittingside. An exemplary transmission device would receive data from a hostdevice, and process data with blocks 901-908, and transmit data throughthe PAM4 channel 908. A receiving device would receive data from PAM4channel 909, process data with blocks 910-917, and provide the data toanother host device as shown. There can be other variations according toembodiments of the present invention as well. In a specific embodiment,system 900 includes a 50 G/100 G interface for connecting with host overM physical lanes carrying PAM4 traffic. There are N number of physicallanes between block 904 and block 913.

Data received from the host is first processed by the FEC-Lane (FECL)bit de-interleaver 901. For example, the host transmits data at a rateof 100 G bps, and the interface between the host and block 902 includesM (e.g., M=1, 2, 4, etc.) number of physical lanes. Between block 901and 904, P (e.g., P=1, 2, 4, etc.) number of physical lanes are used.

In a specific embodiment, and FECL bit-deinterleaver 901 generates four(i.e., P=4) FEC data streams be processed by AM framer 902. Typically,there is an alignment marker stream embedded in the Ethernet N×50 Gtraffic. For example, each rate (such as 50 G, 100 G, 200 G and 400 G)has its own AM structure that is distinct but structurally similar. Forexample, an AM includes codes that arrive in certain frequency (orinterval) and carry certain pre-defined values. Among other things, afunction of AM framer 902 is to lock to AM sequence. In variousembodiments, alignment markers are also used for parity check. Forexample, alignment markers are used to symbol align parity check codewith RS symbols, as the RS FEC blocks are aligned to the alignmentmarkers. By ordering FEC blocks using alignment markers, RS FEC blockscan be assigned to even and odd blocks (e.g., the first block or block“0” would be even, and the next block or block “1” would be odd, and soon). As explained below, AM framer 902 provides an important functionfor interleaver 904. For example, for each of the FECLs, block 902searches for AM boundary associated with the starting of an RS FECcodeword. The four framed data streams generated by AF framer 902 areprocessed at block 903 (processing four data streams) for FECL deskewingprocess as shown, which removes data misalignment. For example, there isan FECL de-skew block corresponding to each of the P number of FEClanes. In a specific embodiment, through the P number of FEC lanes, RSFEC symbols are de-skewed by up to 9 bits for aligning each FEC lanes tothe 10-bit RS symbol boundary.

Block 904 includes P number of interleavers, each of the interleaversincludes a delay line 905 and an RS symbol multiplexer 906. In variousimplementations, delay line 905 includes a buffer unit that stores atleast 5440 bits (or other bit size depending on the specificimplementation). Multiplexer 906 performs multiplexing by selecting(e.g., reading 10 bits at a time) between direct output of block 903 andthe output of the delay line 905, thereby generating interleaved datablocks. Block 904 output P lanes of data, which is concerted to N datastreams at block 907 a. For example, block 907 a multiplexes 20-bitsdata segments from each of the P FEC lanes in a round robin fasion tofor the N data stream for SFEC encoding.

The SFEC encoder 907 b inserts parity bit information into theinterleaved blocks. For example, there are N number of SFEC encoderblock corresponding to N data stream generated by block 907 a. Invarious embodiments, the SFEC encoder 907 concatenates extra soft-FEC(i.e., parity check for even and odd FEC blocks) symbols to the existing(in the host or the device, and standard compliant) KP/RS FEC. Forexample, the use of parity information is illustrated in FIG. 2 andexplained above. As explained above, the total coding gain provided bythe SFEC 907 is the sum of FEC coding gain and the parity bit codinggain. It is to be appreciated that by using interleaving andde-interleaving techniques, 50 G and 100 G communication can benefitfrom similar coding gain as 200 G and 400 G communication protocols withrelatively small amount of additional hardware used for interleaving.

FIG. 10 is a simplified diagram illustrating data interleaving accordingto embodiments of the present invention. This diagram is merely anexample, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One ofordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives,and modifications. An incoming data stream, which has been aligned intoblocks of 5440 bits, includes data blocks 1002 and 1004, and additionaldata blocks stream 1005. In various embodiments, block blocks 1002 and1004 are FEC blocks. For example, data block 1002 comes earlier is aneven data block (e.g., block zero), and data block 1004 comes rightafter data block 1002 and is an odd data block (e.g., block one). Duringthe interleaving process, data block 1002 is stored at delay line 905and read by multiplexer 906, and data block 1004 is read from block 903.In a specific embodiment, the interleaved data stream consists of 21-bitdata blocks, such as data block 1009. The first portion 1006 of datablock 1009 comes from the first ten bits (i.e., portion 1001) of datablock 1002, and the first portion 1006 can be referred to as evenportion of the data block 1009. The second portion 1007 of data block1009 comes from the first ten bits (i.e., portion 1003) of data block1003, and the second portion 1007 can be referred to as the odd portion.The last bit 1008 is generated by SFEC encoder 907 b, and it is a paritybit that can provide a coding gain of about 1.7 dB. For example,benefits of the parity coding gain are explained above.

As explained above, an important aspect of interleaving is to haveframed data blocks, as provided by the AM framer 902. When interleavingthe frame data stream (i.e., data blocks), the interleaver 904 needs tolocate the start of each data block (e.g., block 1002, block 1004).

Now referring back to FIG. 9 . Encoded data are then transmitted byphysical medium dependent (PMD) block 908 to data channel 909. Forexample, data are transmitted through a PAM4 channel 909. For example,data channel 909 includes N physical data channels.

On the other side of PAM4 channel 909, receiver PMD block 910 receivesthe data transmitted by transmission block 908 through PAM4 channel 909.The received data are first processed by a 20-bit framer 911 as shown,and then processed by SFEC farmer 911. It is to be appreciated that theSFEC decoder 912 a makes use of both parity bits and FEC encoding. Forexample, there are N number of SFEC decoders for decoding N datastreams. Block 912 b converts the N data streams into P data streams fortransmission over P physical data links. The decoded data arede-interleaved at block 913. De-interleaver 913, as shown, includes anAM framer 914, a de-mux 915, and a delay line 916. For example, thereare P de-interleavers corresponding to P data streams. Among otherfeatures, AM framer 914 is configured to identify data blocks (i.e., 21bit blocks with odd and even portions and a parity bit). For example, AMframer 914 searches for boundaries of RS words. In variousimplementations, the use of interleaving technique and AM framer 914 isspecific to 50 G and 100 G implementations, as there are even and oddblocks that need to be distinguished by AM framer 914. As shown in FIG.9 , delay line 916 delays 5440 bits of data of the odd FEC blocks, asthe 5440 bits of data are reconstructed from the odd portions of 21-bitsdata blocks. As described above, even blocks were delayed at delay line905 before SFEC encoding, and in symmetry, odd blocks are delayed atdelay line 916. In various implementations, other framer formats orconfigurations may be used as well.

In FIG. 11 is a simplified diagram illustrating a de-interleavingprocess according embodiments of the present invention. This diagram ismerely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of theclaims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize manyvariations, alternatives, and modifications. For example, an interleavedblock 1101 of 21 bits includes two 10-bit data blocks and a parity bit.The parity bit is used for SFEC decoding (i.e., processed by SFECdecoder 912 a). The two 10-bit data blocks are de-interleaved into thetwo large data blocks (each with 5440 bits) as shown. The AM framer 914in FIG. 9 facilitates the alignment of data blocks. The output of blockis processed by block 917 to interleave into M (e.g., M=2) data streamscorresponding to the number of physical link used by the host. Forexample, a four data streams (i.e., M=4) are processed by the FECLbit-interleaver 917 as shown. For example, the FELC bit-interleaver 917generates M data streams (e.g., one data stream, two data streams, orfour data streams) for transmission over the physical data links used bythe host.

In various embodiments, system 900 can operate in different modes. Incertain implementations, interleaving is unnecessary (e.g., 200 G and400 G modes) during SFEC encoding process, and the communication systemcan turn off or bypass the interleaving and de-interleaving blocks.There are other embodiments as well.

While the above is a full description of the specific embodiments,various modifications, alternative constructions and equivalents may beused. Therefore, the above description and illustrations should not betaken as limiting the scope of the present invention which is defined bythe appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A data transmission device, comprising: ade-interleaver configured to (i) receive, from a host device at a firstdata rate, a data stream including encoded data, (ii) de-interleave thedata stream into a plurality of forward error correction (FEC) datastreams, and (iii) output the plurality of FEC data streams at a seconddata rate less than the first data rate; a plurality of interleaverseach configured to interleave a respective one of the plurality of FECdata streams into an intermediate data stream including first datablocks and second data blocks; and encoder circuitry configured togenerate, for each of the intermediate data streams, FEC blocksincluding a first parity section and a first data section, the firstparity section including a first parity bit corresponding to the firstdata blocks and a second parity bit corresponding to the second datablocks, and the first data section including the first data blocks andthe second data blocks, and output the FEC blocks at the second datarate.
 2. The data transmission device of claim 1, wherein thede-interleaver is an FEC lane de-interleaver configured to de-interleavethe data stream into four FEC data streams.
 3. The data transmissiondevice of claim 1, further comprising an alignment marker framerconfigured to frame the plurality of FEC data streams.
 4. The datatransmission device of claim 1, wherein the first data blocks and thesecond data blocks correspond to even data blocks and odd data blocks,respectively.
 5. The data transmission device of claim 4, each of theplurality of interleavers comprising a delay line configured to delaythe first data blocks to generate the even data blocks.
 6. The datatransmission device of claim 5, each of the plurality of the pluralityof interleavers comprising a multiplexer configured to output the evendata blocks and the odd data blocks.
 7. The data transmission device ofclaim 1, further comprising a deskew circuitry configured to remove datamisalignment from the plurality FEC data streams as received from thede-interleaver.
 8. The data transmission device of claim 1, furthercomprising a transmission circuitry configured to output the FEC blocksto a pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) channel.
 9. A method, comprising:receiving, from a host device at a first data rate, a data streamincluding encoded data; de-interleaving the data stream into a pluralityof forward error correction (FEC) data streams; outputting the pluralityof FEC data streams at a second data rate less than the first data rate;interleaving, with each of a plurality of interleavers, a respective oneof the plurality of FEC data streams into an intermediate data streamincluding first data blocks and second data blocks; generating, for eachof the intermediate data streams, FEC blocks including a first paritysection and a first data section, the first parity section including afirst parity bit corresponding to the first data blocks and a secondparity bit corresponding to the second data blocks, and the first datasection including the first data blocks and the second data blocks; andoutputting the FEC blocks at the second data rate.
 10. The method ofclaim 9, further comprising de-interleaving the data stream into fourFEC data streams.
 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising framingthe plurality of FEC data streams using alignment markers in the FECdata streams.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the first data blocksand the second data blocks correspond to even data blocks and odd datablocks, respectively.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprisingdelaying the first data blocks to generate the even data blocks.
 14. Themethod of claim 13, further comprising outputting the even data blocksand the odd data blocks using a multiplexer.
 15. The method of claim 9,further comprising removing data misalignment from the plurality FECdata streams as received from a de-interleaver.
 16. The method of claim9, further comprising outputting the FEC blocks to a pulse-amplitudemodulation (PAM) channel.